Navegando por Palavras-chave "Risco ambiental"
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- ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)Análise da vulnerabilidade socioambiental em Cubatão-SP por meio da integração de dados sociodemográficos e ambientais em escala intraurbana(Associação Brasileira de Estudos Populacionais, 2013-12-01) Alves, Humberto Prates da Fonseca [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)The paper Population, poverty and pollution in Cubatão, São Paulo (1993), by Dr. Daniel Hogan, was published in the first book written by the Working Group on Population and Environment, of the Brazilian Association of Population Studies (ABEP). Twenty years have gone by since the book and paper were published, and this text is now presented as an updated analysis of the coastal municipality of Cubatão, in the State of São Paulo. It uses results from the Brazilian 2010 Census and is based on concepts and methodologies currently present in the debate on Population, Space and Environment, which are tributaries of Dr. Hogan's contributions. The major objective of the paper is to empirically operationalize the concept of socio-environmental vulnerability by constructing social and environmental indicators. In the process, socioeconomic and demographic data from the IBGE 2010 Census is used, as well as data on areas of environmental risk. GIS and spatial analysis methods are used to analyze situations of socio-environmental vulnerability on an intra-urban scale in the municipality of Cubatão. The results show the existence of intense concentration and spatial overlapping of situations of susceptibility, poverty and exposure to environmental risk in certain areas of the municipality. With reference to Daniel Hogan's seminal article, this paper aims to contribute to the development of methodologies for integrating socio-demographic and environmental data in analyses of situations of socio-environmental vulnerability at the intra-urban scale. This approach should be an important part of the research agenda of the Working Group on Population, Space and Environment, of the Brazilian Association of Population Studies (Abep).
- ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)Avaliação do risco ambiental do fármaco diclofenaco em ambientes marinhos(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2016-07-27) Fontes, Mayana Karoline [UNIFESP]; Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra [UNIFESP]; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Emerging contaminants are potentially toxic substances that are present in a wide variety of products such as drugs, pesticides and toiletries and personal care products. These substances are often detected in trace concentrations (ng.L-1 e µg.L-1), but not included in monitoring programs. Among these substances it highlights the drug Diclofenac that is an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), most frequently detected in surface waters worldwide, and the majority of previous studies are in freshwater environments. In this context, this study conducted an ecotoxicological study and an environmental risk assessment for Diclofenac in Santos Bay, using a tiered approach (TIER) which involves determining the environmental concentration in the water column and adverse biological effects associated, considering a methodology prescribed by the framework of the European Union (EMEA CPMP/SWP/4447/00). At TIER 0 were carried out chemical analysis of water collected in the outfall of Santos. At TIER I was made the fertilization test. In TIER II, sublethal effects were analyzed. The organisms were exposed in three concentrations: 20 ng.L-1, 200 ng.L-1 and 2000 ng.L-1, for 96 hours and tissues of the gills and digestive glands were removed for evaluation of biomarkers (Cytotoxicity, EROD, DBF, GST, GPX, and DNA damage, Lipoperoxidation, AChE and COX). Diclofenac was quantified only on a point of the surface (20 ng.L-1). In the fertilization test, the EC50 obtained was 388.52 mg.L-1 and the IC50 assay embriolarval obtained was 18.92 mg.L-1. Negative effects on the stability of the lysosomal membrane were observed in all concentrations tested. The EROD activity was inhibited only in the concentration of 200 ng.L-1 and DBF has not changed significantly. The activities of GST and GPx enzymes were negatively affected by Diclofenac. There was damage to DNA in the tissue of the gland only at the highest concentration and lipid peroxidation was more intense in the tissue of the gills from the concentration of 200 ng.L-1, indicating oxidative stress. The AChE activity was induced in the tissue of the gills. Regarding COX, there was a significant inhibition of activity at concentrations of 20 ng.L-1 in the tissue of the gills. The risk assessment indicated low ecological risk in the Bay of Santos, when standard acute and crhonic ecotoxicological assays were employed. However, our results show that the environmental concentration of the drug, even though the order of 20 ng.L-1 is enough to cause cellular damage and physiological damage as of the lysosomal membrane destabilization, corroborating the biomarker data. Our results point to a environmental risk in the Santos bay caused by Diclofenac and suggest the need for improvement in the treatment of domestic wastewater to reduce this compound as well as regulations on environmental legislation.
- ItemAcesso aberto (Open Access)Estudo ecotoxicológico e avaliação do risco ambiental do fármaco losartan em ambientes marinhos(Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2021-08-05) Almeida, João Emanoel [UNIFESP]; Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra [UNIFESP]; Alves, Magno José [UNIFESP]; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7593445100543028; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4298143669596994; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9528729794706755; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Os fármacos são um grupo diversificado de substâncias químicas, utilizadas na medicina humana e veterinária, em práticas agrícolas, e cosméticos. Reúnem uma série de características que fazem com que mantenham suas propriedades químicas tempo o suficiente para atender um propósito terapêutico. A ocorrência de fármacos no ambiente aquático pode ser associada ao estilo de vida da sociedade moderna, aos padrões de consumo e ao envelhecimento da população, ou seja, estes fatores exigem, em níveis mais elevados, o uso aumentado de medicamentos e produtos para cuidados pessoais. Aliado a esses fatores, soma-se a falta de tratamento adequado de efluentes domésticos. De acordo com estudos pretéritos, a ocorrência de fármacos residuais no meio ambiente, em especial os anti-hipertensivos, pode apresentar efeitos adversos em organismos aquáticos expostos a concentrações na ordem de ng.L-1. O presente projeto teve como objetivo realizar um estudo ecotoxicológico do fármaco Losartan empregando um organismo marinho sentinela (Perna perna) e biomarcadores de exposição e efeito que possibilitassem a avaliação do metabolismo e dos primeiros sinais de efeito adverso após exposição a concentrações ambientalmente relevantes. Foram empregados como biomarcadores enzimas de biotransformação, conjugação e atividade antioxidante, bem como avaliação de danos em ADN, peroxidação lipídica e desestabilização da membrana lisossômica de hemócitos. Os resultados foram analisados de forma integrada a fim de gerar subsídios para futuras avaliações de risco ambiental e estabelecimento de concentrações seguras desse composto na legislação ambiental pertinente. Efeitos adversos do anti-hipertensivo Losartan nos parâmetros reprodutivos do mexilhão marrom Perna perna foram detectados em concentrações mais altas (mg / L) após exposição de curto prazo. Os sistemas de desintoxicação e antioxidantes foram induzidos após a exposição a concentrações que variaram de ng / L a μg / L, como efeitos citogenotóxicos em brânquias e hemolinfa, evidenciando a preocupação em introduzir essa classe de contaminante em ambientes marinhos, e apontando a necessidade de incluir compostos anti-hipertensivos como metas para estações de tratamento de águas residuais, bem como incluí-las no programa de monitoramento ambiental. De acordo com os ensaios padronizados de mortalidade, fertilização ou desenvolvimento embriolarval, o risco foi considerado baixo. Entretanto, quando utilizados biomarcadores que representavam efeitos subletais, observou-se um alto risco ambiental.